A mammogram is a low-dose X-ray exam used to screen for and evaluate breast cancer. It can detect changes in breast tissue before symptoms appear.

What is the difference between 2D and 3D mammography?

2D mammography captures two images of each breast, while 3D mammography takes multiple images from different angles, allowing for clearer visualization of breast tissue and improved cancer detection.

Mammography uses a very low dose of radiation and is considered safe. The benefits of early breast cancer detection outweigh the minimal risks associated with radiation exposure.

Does a mammogram hurt?

Some patients experience temporary discomfort due to breast compression, but the procedure is brief and typically well tolerated.

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Mammography

Q: Do I need a referral for a mammogram?

A referral from a healthcare provider is typically required. Availability may vary by location, so patients should confirm with their local Akumin imaging center.

Last Updated: May 2026

Mammography is a specialized breast imaging exam that uses low-dose X-rays to create detailed pictures of breast tissue. A mammogram can help detect breast cancer at its earliest and most treatable stages, often identifying tumors before they are large enough to be felt or before the cancer has spread.

Breast imaging has advanced significantly over the years and now includes digital mammography (2D breast screening), computer-aided detection, and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), also known as 3D mammography. These technologies work together to improve image quality, enhance cancer detection, and support greater diagnostic accuracy.

Both 2D and 3D mammograms are used to screen for and help diagnose breast cancer, but they capture images differently. A 2D mammogram typically takes two images of each breast—one from above and one from the side. A 3D mammogram, by contrast, takes multiple images from many angles, creating thin “slices” of the breast that can be viewed individually. During either exam, the breast is briefly compressed between two plates to spread out the tissue and obtain clear images. Some patients may experience temporary discomfort or pressure during this step.

With both 2D and 3D breast imaging, radiologists can adjust and enhance the digital images on a computer screen. This may help reduce the need for additional imaging in some cases. The ability to review thin slices and manipulate images can improve the visibility of subtle findings, supporting more confident diagnoses in patients of all ages and breast densities.¹

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Akumin offers the Hologic^® 3D Mammography^™ system at many of our imaging centers. The Genius 3D Mammography exam has been shown to detect 20%–65% more invasive breast cancers compared to 2D mammography alone.² Studies also show that it can reduce the number of patients called back for additional imaging by up to 40% compared to 2D mammography alone.³

To learn more about 3D mammography, including potential risks and benefits, when a 3D mammogram may be recommended for you, and what to expect during a 3D mammogram exam, explore our educational resources in the health library.

Always speak with your healthcare provider about whether mammography is right for you, including the potential benefits, risks, and limitations based on your personal health history.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS)›

How often should I get a mammogram?

Screening recommendations vary by age, risk factors, and medical guidelines. Many organizations suggest yearly or biennial screening starting between ages 40 and 50. Your healthcare provider can help you decide on the schedule that is best for you.

Do I need a referral for a mammogram?

Some locations require a referral or prescription from a healthcare provider, while others may allow self-requesed screening. Check with your local Akumin center or your doctor’s office for specific requirements.

Will my insurance cover a mammogram?

Many insurance plans, including Medicare, cover screening mammograms, often at little or no cost to you. Coverage for diagnostic mammograms may differ. Contact your insurance provider or your Akumin center to confirm your benefits.

How should I prepare for my exam?

On the day of your appointment, wear a two-piece outfit and avoid using deodorant, powders, or lotions under your arms or on your breasts, as these can affect image quality. Additional preparation tips are available in our mammography preparation guide.

What happens after my mammogram?

A radiologist will review your images and send a report to your referring provider. You will receive your results according to the process at your imaging center, which may include a letter, patient portal message, or follow-up call if additional imaging is recommended.

References:

1. Rafferty EA, Durand MA, Conant EF, et al. Breast Cancer Screening Using Tomosynthesis and Digital Mammography in Dense and Nondense Breasts. JAMA. 2016 Apr 26;315(16):1784-6

2. Results from Friedewald, SM, et al. “Breast cancer screening using tomosynthesis in combination with digital mammography.” JAMA 311.24 (2014): 2499-2507; a multi-site (13), non-randomized, historical control study of 454,000 screening mammograms investigating the initial impact the introduction of the Hologic Selenia^® Dimensions^® on screening outcomes. Individual results may vary. The study found an average 41% (95% CI: 20%-65%) increase and that 1.2 (95% CI: 0.8-1.6) additional invasive breast cancers per 1,000 screening exams were found in women receiving combined 2D FFDM and 3D^™ mammograms acquired with the Hologic 3D Mammography^™ system versus women receiving 2D FFDM mammograms only.

3. Bernardi D, Macaskill P, Pellegrini M, et al. Breast cancer screening with tomosynthesis (3D mammography) with acquired or synthetic 2D mammography compared with 2D mammography alone (STORM-2): a population-based prospective study. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Aug;17(8):1105-13.

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